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ODesign: All-Atom Generative Model for Epitope-Targeted Binder Design

ODesign is an all-atom generative "world model" for all-to-all biomolecular interaction design: given a target and an optional epitope, it generates binding partners such as proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules. It was introduced in an arXiv preprint (2510.22304) by a team led from Lingang Laboratory in Shanghai, with Zhejiang University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and other institutions. A web server is available at odesign.lglab.ac.cn.

Most design methods are built for one modality, such as protein binders or small-molecule ligands, and give limited control over where on the target the partner binds. ODesign aims to unify these tasks in a single framework with fine-grained control over the interaction.

On computational benchmarks, the authors report that it outperforms modality-specific baselines in controllability and performance, and extends to protein-binding RNA and DNA and to nucleic-acid-binding ligands.

Property

Detail

Model type

AlphaFold3-like all-atom generative model with a 48-block Pairformer and a conditional diffusion decoder

Design control

User-specified epitopes (hotspots) on arbitrary targets

Modes

Rigid-target mode and flexible-target mode

Design outputs

Protein (-P), nucleic acid (-N) and ligand (-L) partners

Training data

PDB structures released before 30 September 2021 plus AlphaFold2 and OpenFold distilled structures

Why Epitope-Controlled Binder Design Matters

Directing a binder to a specific epitope is central to designing antibodies and binding proteins that block, activate or detect a target at the right site. A model that accepts epitope information and works across modalities lets one pipeline cover protein binders, motif scaffolds and ligand design.

How ODesign Works

Architecture and tokens

  • Unified tokens: each modality's minimal chemical unit becomes a generative token, with a suffix marking protein, nucleic acid or ligand design.

  • Conditioning: a conditional module encodes the target's 3D structure, and a diffusion decoder generates all-atom coordinates.

  • Two-stage design: backbone generation first, followed by sequence design with an inverse-folding module (OInvFold).

  • Hotspot control: hotspots are residues within 8 Å of the partner across entities, flagged as an input feature; during training between 5 and 20 hotspots are retained so the model does not depend on a full epitope.

Rigid and flexible targets

In rigid mode the target keeps its true coordinates. In flexible mode the target and binder are co-generated.

Benchmark Results for Protein, RNA, DNA and Ligand Design

Benchmark

Reported result

Protein binders (800 designs per target)

2,672 successful designs per GPU-day vs 555 for RFDiffusion, 61 for BoltzDesign and 22 for BindCraft

Motif scaffolding (MotifBench, 30 cases)

18.4% average success vs 14.3% for RFDiffusion-AA; successes in 27 of 30 cases

Interface design (4 targets)

Pocket RMSD 2.24 Å lower than PocketGen

Protein-binding RNA (10 complexes)

77.95% success at a 5 Å RMSD threshold

Protein-binding small molecules

9.0-fold more successful molecules than TargetDiff

These results come from computational refolding with AlphaFold3 and Chai-1 and associated filters; the paper text we reviewed does not present wet-lab validation.

What is Tamarind Bio?

Tamarind Bio is a no-code bioinformatics platform built to give life scientists and researchers access to powerful computational tools. Many cutting-edge machine learning models are hard to deploy and use. Tamarind provides an intuitive, web-based environment that removes the complexity of high-performance computing, software dependencies and command-line interfaces.

The platform is designed for biologists, chemists and other researchers who may not have a background in programming or cloud infrastructure but want to run models on their own data. Key features include:

  • A user-friendly graphical interface for setting up and launching experiments

  • A robust API for integration into existing research pipelines

  • An automated system for managing and scaling computational resources

Tamarind treats information and data security as a top priority, as detailed in its Trust Center and Terms of Service.

Accelerating Discovery with ODesign on Tamarind Bio

  • Protein binder design: generate binders against a target with a chosen epitope.

  • Motif scaffolding: build scaffolds around functional motifs.

  • Nucleic acid binders: design protein-binding RNA or DNA.

  • Ligand design: generate small molecules for protein, DNA or RNA targets.

How to Use ODesign on Tamarind Bio

  1. Open the tool: log in to tamarind.bio and select ODesign Antibody.

  2. Provide the target: upload the 3D structure of the target, since the model conditions on it.

  3. Define the epitope: specify hotspot residues on the target, if exposed.

  4. Choose the design mode: rigid or flexible target, and the binder type, if exposed.

  5. Set design size: choose binder length and the number of designs, if exposed.

  6. Run the job: submit and wait for generation.

  7. Download and filter: retrieve structures and sequences, then refold and rank them; the authors rely on AlphaFold3 and Chai-1 refolding with iPAE-type metrics.

  8. Validate: test top designs experimentally.

Things to Keep in Mind

  • Performance drops under some out-of-distribution conditions.

  • DNA aptamer designability falls off faster with length than RNA.

  • There is no fine-grained control over properties such as secondary-structure content or small-molecule aromaticity.

  • Training data are dominated by protein and ligand examples, and RNA shows the highest loss.

Source: Zhang et al., "ODesign: A World Model for Biomolecular Interaction Design", arXiv:2510.22304 (2025), arxiv.org/abs/2510.22304. Web server: odesign.lglab.ac.cn.

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